The foundation for the bath: the types and features of the construction of their own hands

The service life of any structure depends largely on the laying of a reliable foundation. The bath is not an exception: when erecting it, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics and features of the base installation. This article describes the varieties of the foundation of the bath and the features of its construction with their own hands.

Device

The foundation is created not only taking into account the type of soil on which the bath will be built, but also the materials of the future foundation. Information about the soil should be recorded during previous construction work in the territory. If for any reason it is absent, then geological surveys need to be carried out independently. It is important to understand that A quality foundation cannot be built on unexplored soil.

Geological exploration is carried out by special organizations: a drilling machine makes wells from which soil samples are taken. In a special laboratory, the soil is examined - it is determined by its chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties. Ground workings are made around the perimeter, below the communications and at different depths, in order to get a complete geological map of the area. This process requires a lot of time and money, but there are more economical options.

The basic properties of the soil can be determined independently. To do this, it is necessary to dig several wells, trying to make the well as deep as possible. The hole reaching the depth of soil freezing will be ideal. As a tool wizard advised to use a garden drill. For dug wells determine the thickness of the fertile soil layer, the boundary of groundwater and soil composition.

The foundation must pass through a soft fertile layer and rest on a firmer structure. If the soil in the territory is heaving (there are hillocks and cracks on the surface), then the foundation should be lowered to the level of soil freezing.The soil around the supports is covered with a mixture of sand and gravel so that the ground water does not cause the base to move when it freezes. A shallow foundation is laid only under standard conditions.

If on the construction site there are sharp drops in height, then a pile-screw foundation will be suitable for such a territory.

Piles are not recommended for installation in areas with high groundwater levels. The interaction of supports with water will lead to rapid corrosion and subsidence of the foundation. Before installation, the piles must be treated with a special solution that protects the structure from moisture.

For mobile soil suitable pile-grillage foundation. This type is well suited as a base for brick and block structures. Piles hold the structure in case of landslides and shifts, providing the foundation stability. Rostverk - the tape connecting support, is intended for uniform distribution of loading. It is made of metal, wood or reinforced concrete.

The columnar foundation is designed for regions with deep freezing of soils. Also, this type of foundation is used in the construction of buildings in the overwetted area, marshy soils. In areas prone to soil movement, the columnar foundation is not installed.It does not tolerate shifts and landslides.

The most reliable type of foundation is monolithic. Concrete slab is able to withstand any difficult conditions, while maintaining integrity and stability. The solid base evenly distributes the load on the ground, preventing the draft. The main disadvantage of this reason is the high price.

Among the materials for the construction of the foundation for the bath, preference should be given to natural materials. For pile foundations, wood is better suited. The slab and strip foundations are made of heavy materials - stone and concrete.

The tape design is the most reliable type of foundation. This version of the wizard is advised to choose those who want to do the work with their own hands. This type of foundation is suitable for buildings of any size. It is a tape of concrete or brick, which rests on the ground below the groundwater level. On the surface leave no more than twenty centimeters of the base.

The tape foundation is suitable for any structure, but experts identify several optimal cases of mounting such a base:

  • The basement is used to install the pump and communications, storage of household items. The walls of the basement must be protected from the influence of variable water levels, wind and low temperatures.
  • The building of the bath has a lot of weight and reaches impressive sizes. The tape base well perceives loading from a structure and transfers it to soil. This type of base is suitable for brick buildings.

There are several methods for assembling strip foundations. Each of the methods has a number of pros and cons. Brick masonry is installed on dry sandy soils. When high groundwater construction put on a brick-crushed stone pillow, reinforced and poured concrete screed. Brick strip foundation is lightweight and easy to install.

It is important to understand that to create such a foundation, it is necessary to choose the right material.

The foundation is collected only from red brick. White silicate material is unstable to the interaction with water, therefore it will quickly collapse. The joints between the bricks must be treated with waterproofing mastic - cement has good water-carrying capacity.

The strip foundation of concrete blocks is suitable for a small-sized bath. Reinforced concrete is a heavy material, therefore large fragments can be installed only with the help of construction equipment. Considered to be optimal parts of size 20 by 40 centimeters. Such blocks are installed in a checkerboard pattern on a sandy substrate. Installation of the foundation can be done in two days.

The stone foundation is made of river stone and cement. Another name for this type of foundation is a concrete masonry. This type of foundation is simple to install and has a low cost. Stones should be flat and identical in size. Layers of masonry poured concrete.

The pile foundation is suitable for light buildings, is easy to manufacture and reliable in operation. The construction of this type of foundation requires few materials, which significantly reduces the consumption of funds and time for its installation. Piles are recommended to be installed for beginners, because they do not require special construction skills.

The pile foundation is not suitable for heaving soils - the supports do not perceive horizontal loads well. To protect the foundation from destruction, it is necessary to reduce the distance between the piles.The foundation of solid wood resists the action of water better. Nevertheless, wooden piles are practically not used in construction today.

In construction, there are about twenty options piles. Of them can be identified Three types of supports suitable for low-rise construction and baths:

  1. Driven concrete piles. This type is rarely used in the construction of baths. The supports are heavy enough, so they can not be hammered without the help of specialized equipment. The cost of such work can be very high. The undeniable advantage of driven piles is their reliability.
  2. Screw metal supports can be installed manually. This foundation is simple to install, because it does not require special skills. A significant disadvantage of steel is its high thermal conductivity. This type of foundation is not suitable for floors without insulation. With such a base device, an unheated room will always be cool.
  3. Bored piles - the most common method of building the foundation on the supports. Installation work requires a good investment and great labor costs. The advantage of such a foundation is the saving on materials.

The supports are located at the junction of the walls. The distance between the piles should not be more than two meters. Popular diameter - 20 centimeters. With increasing cross-sectional area of ​​the pile, its bearing capacity increases, but the risk of support displacement increases under the action of heaving forces. The foundation is lowered below the freezing ground limit. On loose soils, piles are installed on the bearing layer.

Pillar foundation serves as the basis for wooden buildings. He does not perceive a high load, so he can sink under a stone and brick house. The walls on this basis are deformed and covered with cracks. In the subsequent construction will collapse.

To design served for a long time, the masters use a special technology and special equipment. This process is very expensive, which is irrational for a modest budget.

Monolithic base is a slab installed on a substrate of sand and gravel. The thickness of the cushion can reach from twenty to fifty centimeters, depending on the type of soil and features of the structure. The foundation may be shallow and non-submerged.

This type of foundation is distinguished by its physical and mechanical properties: it is considered the most durable and durable. The sole occupies a large area, therefore it perceives the entire load from knowledge. The weight is distributed evenly, the pressure on the ground decreases. Reinforcement set to reduce damage to the foundation when it is built in frosty heaving soils. The monolithic foundation serves as a good foundation on unstable and marshy soils.

Among the advantages of monolithic screed emit an affordable price of installation. During the construction there is no need to involve specialists with sophisticated equipment. The coupler is poured from the mixer into the mold. Monolithic construction allows to reduce excavation work. This type of foundation has a long service life due to the preservation of integrity.

The main disadvantage of the base - the impossibility of the device basement. The specifics of laying does not allow to design a room below the level of the base. Also, this type of foundation requires a large amount of material and reinforcement.

Laying does not require specific equipment, but can not be made in adverse weather conditions.

The foundation is a rough floor, so it must be insulated. Monolithic screed allows you to arrange water heated floor. It is necessary to remember about waterproofing and the device of the warming design. Otherwise the room will be cold. "Carpet" of insulating materials can be arranged as a substrate for the cement screed.

Insulating "pie" has a corrosion resistance even when interacting with groundwater. Modern building materials are durable and are highly durable. Monolithic slabs, as well as the substrate, suit mainly on difficult soils.

All building materials must meet stringent requirements in accordance with regulatory documents.

Preparation and calculation

To begin with, it is necessary to draw a diagram of the site in compliance with the scale, designate the area for the bath device and conduct communication to it. The location of the building depends on the drainage device. When connecting the drain to the central sewer, the bath can be located anywhere on the summer cottage. If the discharge is isolated, then the building is better placed at a distance from water bodies.

The pre-locked territory needs to be fenced off from outsiders - a fence is needed at the site. The structure can be surrounded by a hedge. All additional plantings or extensions are also marked on the terrain plan.

Work begins with cutting the top layer of soil. Next, the area must be leveled. This can be done with the help of special equipment. Height differences should be avoided - this will complicate the markings and make it impossible to evenly lay the foundation. The marking is made on the basis of the project on paper, therefore the further device of the foundation depends on the accuracy of the image of the terrain.

The outer perimeter of the foundation is marked with a tape measure and a building angle. The end points are marked with pegs through which the cord is stretched. It is necessary to check the perpendicularity of the angles at each stage of the marking. To check the accuracy of the placement of marks, measurements of the structure diagonals are performed. If the building is rectangular or square, then the diagonal dimensions will be equal.

For precision placement of the peg, you must use a special geodetic technique - a theodolite or level.It is necessary to check the length of each side and the degree measure of angles several times. The tensioned cable is the height of the future foundation. After the designation of the contour of the building produce a breakdown of the area.

If the future foundation is tape, then from the outer edge it is necessary to retreat a distance equal to the future thickness of the screed.

When arranging piles with pegs, mark the location of future wells. Their number depends on the area of ​​the bath. Step workings should not exceed two meters. Piles also need to be placed in places where the bearing wall with partitions mates. If the height of the future building reaches two or more floors, then the distance between the supports should be reduced. Dense soil allows to reduce the number of piles, and bulk vice versa. The depth of the well depends on the type of soil: in heaving soil, the pile must be lowered 30-50 centimeters lower.

The monolithic foundation can be poured without preliminary calculations - the optimum thickness of the base should be up to 25 centimeters. Reducing the screed may require additional reinforcement. With a foundation thickness of thirty centimeters or more, a strong structure is obtained, but such construction cannot be called economical.The substrate of sand and gravel is usually filled with layers not exceeding ten centimeters in thickness.

Plate heat insulation should not exceed ten centimeters. The concrete base also requires a frame made of reinforcement. According to regulatory documents, for reliable construction, fittings should not be less than 0.3 percent of the total mass of the structure. The dimensions of the rods can be calculated personally based on the cross-sectional area of ​​the plate. To save time, the master advised to install in two tiers of the frame of twigs 12-13 millimeters in diameter.

Marking and earthworks

As described earlier, the markup is carried out according to a predetermined scheme taking into account the features of the foundation type. Rope between the peg - marking the lines of the walls of the foundation. After applying the contours it is necessary to develop trenches for laying the foundation. Depth of production depends on the properties of the soil and the type of base.

The construction of the strip foundation begins with the excavation of a trench. After marking and cutting the top layer, the surface is covered with a sand-gravel pad. Before filling the rough surface must be tamped with the help of vibration devices.For small buildings with dimensions of 4x6, 6x4, 5x5 meters, you should not design a deep foundation. It will be enough substrate with a thickness of 300 millimeters.

Sand backfill thickness varies by soil type and properties. If the ground is saturated, then the substrate should be increased to 40 centimeters. The sandy layer is laid horizontally, moistened with plenty of water and rammed. A large pillow is divided into layers with a thickness of 5-7 centimeters and laid gradually. After backfilling and compaction, it is necessary to leave the coating for two or three days until the soil is completely dry.

Next is the formwork with a height of about 50 centimeters. Formwork can be made from any planks or similar material. The design can be used repeatedly if it is well cleaned and carefully stored under a layer of polyethylene. The sheer walls of the formwork are supported by stakes or special struts.

The frame must be strengthened so that the concrete mix does not destroy the structure during the drying process.

Starting from the edges, it is necessary to make a flat horizontal surface. The walls are much easier to install on a flat base. The shields are fastened with nails, and the joints are coated with primer.Accuracy can be monitored using a laser level. After the formwork, the first layer of the screed is laid on the bottom and the reinforcement cage is immersed in it. The entire volume of formwork must be filled with cement, leveling the surface.

Excavation of a pile or column foundation begins with the drilling of wells. As in the case of strip foundations, it is necessary to lay crushed stone substrate for the piles. The pillow usually does not exceed 250 millimeters. Next, lay out the pillars of buta or bricks. In some cases, the apparatus that fills the hole with concrete is immersed in the holes. So concrete piles turn out.

DIY building

The foundation slab is not so hard to pour with your own hands. Lay a layer of polyethylene between the layer of heat insulator and the concrete screed. This is done to ensure that the concrete mix does not leak: water from the composition can penetrate into the upper layers of the soil. This will lead to a violation of the consistency of cement mortar and uneven shrinkage of the base. The layers of polyethylene are laid overlapping, the seams are glued with tape. After pouring the blocks, the structure is left to dry completely.The depth of the support is calculated in advance.

Small screw piles can be installed manually. Supports up to 2.5 m long are screwed in by two people, the third follows the accuracy of the work. It is better to choose piles with a height of about one and a half meters. After installing the last support evenness must be checked with a laser level. For casting concrete piles, first screw the metal base, and then pour it. As the concrete freezes, the supports are joined by a grillage from a channel bar. Such a device ties the piles together and distributes the load from the building evenly on each support.

There is a step-by-step instruction for casting grillage for piles. For the installation of the grillage, you must first create a reinforcement cage, knead the concrete solution and prepare the form from the formwork. The form can be made by analogy with the technology of pouring the strip footing - from shields or a wooden frame.

A grid is attached to the fortified piles; throughout the entire contour of the building, its pitch should not exceed thirty centimeters. Its installation is made on special fasteners inserted into the holes on the pile.The metal frame is partially introduced into the pile, combined with the longitudinal whips. In the case of concrete piles, the reinforcement is connected to metal ropes protruding from the supports.

Formwork straightened, the frame must be flat. The quality of the work done will depend on the uniform distribution of the mass of the structure over the surface. The curvature of the structure will lead to uneven ground laying. Pouring concrete in the formwork produced, starting with the heads of the piles. Strengthening the structure is achieved by deepening the supports in the grillage for a short distance.

If it is not possible to fill the grillage with concrete, then the craftsmen recommend making such a construction from a bar.

For wooden construction it will be the most profitable. The wood must be pre-dried and treated with a special moisture-proof composition. Installing the grillage begins with cutting the material into fragments - the ends of the bars are cut in the form of a lock. The design is assembled by bolting to the piles.

Columnar, tape and solid foundation can be made by hand. But in no case can not violate the technology of installation.It is better to carry out work under the supervision of a specialist, taking into account all the subtleties. A detailed scheme with a drain is used throughout the process, so do not underestimate this stage of preparation.

Materials must be selected in accordance with regulatory documents - each product must have a certificate of quality.

Basis under the oven

Many beginning masters do not know whether to install a special base under the furnace. The presence of the foundation is determined by the weight of the heating structure. A small oven weighing up to 250 kg does not require additional reinforcement of the floor. In this case, the coating can not be strengthened, but only treated with a means of fire protection. The material under the furnace must be reliably protected from overheating.

For a brick kiln you need to make a special foundation. In such units, the weight can vary from hundreds of kilograms to tens of tons, which creates an increased load on the base of the structure. If the weight of the heating device reaches 750 kg, then in this case it is necessary to design an individual base. The furnace creates an uneven load on the floor of the bath, which will lead to partial subsidence of the weak base.Therefore, the foundation of such a bath should be strong, the design should resist the movement of the soil.

It is possible to build the correct basis only taking into account the depth of soil freezing. For proper construction you need to take into account a number of important points:

  • The supporting structure under the bath is erected simultaneously with the device of the main foundation of the bath. The depth of the additional reinforcement and the foundation of the structure is kept at the same level. Filling the screed after mounting the reinforcement is unacceptable due to the difference in the degree of shrinkage. This difference will lead to the destruction of the heating system. For such purposes, the wizard recommends paying attention to the pile foundation.
  • Since the walls of the bath are not erected simultaneously with the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to keep a distance of 50 millimeters between the device of the furnace structure of the future wall. This gap is subsequently covered with sand and well compacted. Such a system resists uneven settlement of the base.
  • The dimensions of the foundation must be correlated with the size of the furnace at the stage of developing project documentation. The boundaries of the foundation slab must protrude beyond the boundaries of the heating system by no less than 50 millimeters. The most optimal distance is 60-100 millimeters.
  • The chimney should be located as close as possible to the center of the foundation. Such an arrangement of the furnace will ensure equal load on the entire structure. A powerful chimney requires additional protection and amplification, therefore it risks creating an excess load on the foundation. Regardless of the choice of the type of foundation these features must be considered.
  • When constructing a heating system, it is necessary to additionally equip the waterproof layer. Roofing material is lined in two layers and attached to the foundation. As the glue masters use bitumen mastic. This material will provide additional protection for the structure.

The brickwork of the furnace is subject to corrosion, therefore protection against the influence of water is necessary in this case. Also, using a stove increases the level of humidity in the room.

Recommendations

There is a large selection of foundation base structures, each of which has a number of advantages and disadvantages. It is impossible to choose the best option, because the choice of the base depends on the characteristics of the territory. During the construction of the foundation, consultation with professionals is necessary, because the duration of the operational period of the bath depends on the competent foundation.

A layer of sand and rubble must be protected with a layer of geotextile. This material can be laid between the layers of soil, bending the edges up. Textiles protect the pillow from silting and scouring. The material passes moisture well through itself, and due to its composition it is not destroyed for a long time. Geotextiles are produced in special rolls, which makes it easy to use.

From the bath it is necessary to divert water. To do this, arrange a special stock, leaving the ground.

It is important to remember that the pipe outlet cannot be located in proximity to the neighboring areas. You also need to make sure that the used water does not merge into the reservoir.

Where to begin building the foundation for a bath, you will learn further.

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Information provided for reference purposes. For construction issues, always consult a specialist.

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