Fire doors

 Fire doors

In the construction of any buildings and structures, special attention is paid to fire safety. As a fulfillment of special norms, when a facility is handed over, a number of measures are usually assumed: competent design, installation of fire-prevention systems and equipment, including doors.

What it is?

First you need to understand what fire doors, what are their differences from the usual entrance structures. In the technical literature, they have several names: fire-resistant, fire-resistant, fire-resistant, fire-fighting.Officially, such structures include products that are installed as a barrier to the spread of fire in a fire.

The main features that characterize safety in case of fire:

  1. High degree of fire resistance. The door should create an obstacle to the spread of fire, as this will give the opportunity to gain time required for the evacuation of the victims.
  2. Heat Immunity. The material from which fire protection structures are produced must be resistant to thermal distortion.
  3. Non-toxic raw materials since in case of fire, the doors should not become a source of harmful combustion products.
  4. Easy access of rescuers to the place of fire, what is provided by the functionality of the closing systems.

Fireproof products design

The main elements of fire doors differ little from the usual. As a rule, the door unit includes a canvas, box, fastening mechanism and lock. The canvas is usually made on the basis of metal ribs, which are subsequently sheathed with sheets of steel, glass, wood. In wooden models, the frame can be made of timber.

The main difference is the specialized components and fire-resistant materials. These include the following.

  • Compactors. Since any doors assume in their design gaps in the joints between the casements and the box, fire-fighting models provide for laying various types of gasket materials around the entire contour. It is convenient to use a self-adhesive seal. With it, any good door can be turned into fireproof. Protective smoke-free seals contain mineral wool in the composition, which does not allow burning to get inside the room.

There are options with an overlay of a thermosetting tape, which, under the action of temperature, foams and completely seals the door, protecting it from toxic products of combustion.

  • Insulating insulation. They fill the space between the canvases, because fire doors always consist of several layers. The insulator protects the web from heat. The most common option is mineral wool. Basalt fiber plates withstand high temperatures for a long time, and the longer the fiber, the better.Experts secrete silicon, as a material with excellent insulating properties. It is resistant to drops up to 1200 degrees and above. For glass doors, a thermofilm or a special gel is used to fill the space between the layers.
  • Coatings. Finishing fire doors can be made of different types of materials. The leader is powder coating, resistant to high temperatures. Facing fireproof laminate or veneer, wood or MDF panels impregnated with protective agents are also popular.
  • Rapids. The device is primarily necessary to provide protection from smoke and gas. In addition, it is traditionally an obstacle to noise, dust, draft, heat loss. Non-threshold smoke-gastight doors usually contain a folding threshold to seal the contour. In the case of thin glass models use the automatic invoice option.
  • Closers. Experts advise installing a self-closing device on fire-safe doors, since it is only in the closed position that the structure performs its protective function. They are floor-standing, exterior and built-in.Professionals note that in the presence of double doors, it is necessary to install a leaf synchronizer. Modern technologies make it possible to automate the rules of the closing mode, which will eliminate the human factor of surprise in case of fire.
  • Ventilation. Some specialized premises in accordance with regulatory enactments must be equipped with a fire door with a vent valve. These include the switchboard and server. In this case, the sealing circuit of the thermosetting material is equipped not only with the duct, but also with the lamellae on the grill.
  • Locking devices. Locks, handles and other accessories on fire-resistant models must remain operable under the influence of high temperatures, not wedged and not deformed. In addition, they are required to provide quick access, that is, it is easy to open when necessary. Recently, the anti-panic system, which allows to reduce the time of evacuation in smoke, has proven itself well.

The principle of the system "Anti-panic", see the following video.

What are the types?

Doors are classified by design features.

By the number of valves

  • Single or single door design.
  • Duplex system. Double-leaf doors can be ravnopolno, with shutters of the same width, and different-leaf - with different shutters. In addition, there are active and passive parts of the door.

In the direction of opening

  • Rights.
  • Left.

Side is determined by the location of the active door hinge exterior hinges.

By opening mechanism

Fire doors should provide good tightness. Mostly use swing options. In this case, the door leaf is attached to the box with hinges. The disadvantage is the free space that is needed near the sash when opening.

In public places and offices pendulum models are popular when the flap opens in any direction.

Often there is a sliding design, for example, in public catering plants. Such doors do not require a lot of space. Since such a model implies a gap between the canvas and the wall, fireproof structures are equipped with seals along the box.

At the place of use

The classification by location is extensive and depends on where the door structure is installed. You can select the most common options:

  • Driveway.
  • Apartment.
  • Interroom.
  • Mounted
  • Hangar
  • Warehouse.

Corridor and chain structures sometimes come with a transom to provide airing. Warm access and apartment options are popular among the population of apartment buildings.

By type of canvas

For fire resistant doors, there are 2 basic types.

  • Deaf, the designation in the technical documentation corresponds to the neck "G". For example, the code "G2P" denotes a deaf dvupolnuyu right sash.
  • Glazed or translucent have the code "C".

By security

Depending on the various design features that characterize protection against a particular factor, the doors are divided into several groups.

  • Fire and explosion proof with ventilation grille. Regulatory documents prescribe installing for server and electrical room door designs that imply the presence of a ventilation hole occupying at least 25% of the area of ​​the door leaf. The grille is made of polyurethane lamellae.In addition, the plates have gaskets made of a material that has the property of thermal expansion. As a rule, sodium silicone is present. When ignited, the lamellae increase as the temperature rises, the gasket turns into foam, which closes the ventilation slots and prevents the flow of red-hot air.

Steel blinds are used to protect against mechanical effects, such as explosions. Designs may vary depending on the basic configuration.

  • Smoke-free. The main design feature of the models is a special contour sealer around the perimeter of the entire web to ensure the impermeability of carbon monoxide and smoke. In addition, any smoke-gas-proof door is available with a drop-down threshold that seals the circuit. The function is configured automatically and is as follows. When you open the door, the threshold rises; when closed, it drops. Fireproof sheets are available in wooden, glass and metal versions.
  • Armored fireproof. Products are characterized not only by the degree of susceptibility to fire, but also by the class of bullet resistance,what should be confirmed by certificates. A distinctive feature of armored doors is to open only the canvas out. The door with the use of armor - the most burglar resistant. Such constructions are installed in premises intended for the storage of valuables: banks, cash desks, safes, historical archives; as well as in departmental institutions: scientific laboratories, test sites, security posts.
  • Sliding Fire Resistant. Sliding doors provide a sealant in the form of a refractory film. When ignited with increasing temperature, it increases in volume and closes the gap. Sliding fire retardant models are heavy, so most often they are equipped with electromechanical actuators that fix the web in the closed position. In this case, an autonomous battery system is additionally provided to eliminate the possibility of malfunction in the absence of electricity.
  • With anti-panic. Fire doors are usually fitted with a fireproof lock. In crowded places, the structures are equipped with an electromechanical access control monitoring system with a drop-down threshold, an anti-panic installation is advised in apartments.In this case, the lock is opened from the inside with a light touch, maybe even with an elbow.

Types and classification

Fire doors can be classified according to several qualities. According to the Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements, one of the criteria is the fire resistance limit. This characteristic shows how long the door can hold out under the action of fire. The fire resistance has its own cipher at designation. For all door constructions, it begins with the letters EI, then the number corresponding to the time of stability of the fire in minutes is indicated.

Types of locking systems

  1. The length of time during which the structure is able to resist is 90 minutes.. Code EI90. By design features single and double doors can be distinguished. To determine which option it is advisable to install in a particular room, it is necessary to measure the width of the opening. In cases up to 110 centimeters, single-leaf models can be used. If the width is greater, then the width of double doors can be made both the same and different. More often, structures of the first type are installed in rooms with a high level of danger.
  2. Minimum fire resistance 60 minutes. Doors of the second type of degree EI60 are considered to be a universal class of models designed for installation in buildings with various functional loads: private houses, offices, civilian objects. Doors of this type can be divided according to the type of leaf into deaf and with inserts, according to the number of shutters - single and double. When choosing, you need to focus on the width of the opening and on the need to increase the view of the doorway space.
  3. The third type includes models that can hold a flame for 30 minutes.. Code EI30. The lowest degree of protection allows you to install these doors in small areas.

Specifications

All technical properties of fire-fighting products are classified according to the degree of resistance to fire and are written in Latin letters.

  • E - characterizes the loss of integrity. It is understood that after the time limit cracks, deep holes will start to appear, however, the structure has not yet lost any bearing properties.
  • I - qualifies the loss of insulation, that is, shows how long the door will be able to resist under the influence of hot air.For example, models of class I15 when heated can be opened with bare hands for 15 minutes without the risk of getting burned.
  • W - determines the time during which the heat flux is retained.
  • S - shows the ability of the door to contain carbon monoxide.
  • R - regulates the loss of bearing capacity. The indicator characterizes the period of time after which the door leaf and the frame itself will begin to collapse.

Dimensions

Requirements for installation of fire doors are established based on SNiP and GOST.

Standard openings should have the following parameters.

  • Height not less than 180 cm.
  • Width is from 80 to 120 cm.

The thickness of the steel sheets that are included in the design affects the reliability and integrity of the product, the degree of fire resistance depends on the type and thickness of the insulating material. Metal specialized door construction, as a rule, weighs at least 120 kg.

Finish and texture

The latest technologies allow manufacturers to get a wide range of fire-resistant doors of various designs.

  • Metal models are covered with a special thermal spray.
  • Facing the door leaf is popular wood, because in this case the two functions are protective and aesthetic. The wood texture looks noble and natural.
  • Fireproof laminate or veneer decor has a lower cost. With it, you can get a different texture of the canvas, without losing the protective properties. MDF panels and synthetic leather impregnated with protective agents are also used by designers.
  • Translucent doors are light and airy on their own. It is interesting material stiffeners, their color and texture. They can be aluminum, steel, wood.

Fire resistant materials

Building codes and regulations (SNiP) regulates raw materials that can be used for the production of fire-fighting products. In addition, they are classified according to the degree of toxicity, flammability, flammability, spread of fire and smoke-forming ability.

Wood, metal, glass, plastic are used as material for fire resistant structures. However, you need to understand that of the indicated raw materials, only the door leaf is performed.

  • Tree. Wood treated with special protective agentscan be used for the production of doors of the third type of fire resistance. This may also include veneered products and canvases with panels made of MDF. The box in such cases can be either wooden or metal. The design necessarily uses a specially foamed gasket to seal the space between the inner and outer door leafs.
  • Steel and iron. Metal alloys - the most popular material for the production of fire-fighting products. Door leaf is made of steel sheet with a thickness of 1 millimeter. Mineral wool is most commonly used as a filler. Iron doors have a high degree of fire resistance.
  • Glass. According to the SNiP, such doors are called "translucent" and are divided into 2 categories. If the glazing area is more than 25%, then they are qualified as glass, less than 25% - glazed. The degree of fire resistance in this case depends on the thickness of the web. Box and frame most often aluminum. Partitions are usually made of steel or aluminum. Door leaf is made of fire-resistant glass with a gel-type non-combustible filler between the glass layers.Raw materials are popular for the manufacture of door structures and windows in public spaces, offices, because in addition to security, it has an aesthetic function.
  • Plastic. PVC products do not withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures, so plastic fire-fighting products are no more than a myth. In addition, plastic is toxic when burning.

Where to install fire-resistant models?

The use of fireproof models is usually planned when designing buildings in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Types of rooms of primary importance

There are several unconditional types of premises in which fire doors are required.

  1. First of all, installation of fire-resistant entrance structures is carried out in places prone to spontaneous combustion. These include, for example, fuel warehouses and hangars, garages, repair shops, bakeries, depots, boilers, switchboard. To ensure the effective protection of industrial hangar premises use fire gates. They are large, but have all the properties necessary for safety.
  2. Constructions of a mass congestion of people.At cinemas, educational institutions, hospitals, shopping and entertainment centers, security measures are checked regularly. Installation of such door structures is provided in the project.
  3. Premises for storage of securities and things. Banks, museums, archives are very scrupulous and tremblingly treasure valuables, because they often have historical significance.

Indoor installation sites

Fire resistant doors are installed in apartment buildings. They are equipped with the following openings.

  • Driveway.
  • Apartment.
  • Attic and basement entrances.
  • Elevators and niches for communications, cable tunnels.
  • Exits to the floor areas of common use.

If an office or a store is located on the first floor of a residential building, then the opening between them should also be equipped with a fire door. Indoor accommodation options are governed by the relevant rules and regulations. Individually, fire protection doors can be installed in the following locations.

  • Corridors of office premises, warehouses, workshops.
  • The stairs.
  • Interior doors are installed both in the apartment and in the office space.
  • They are equipped with balconies and balconies.

How to choose the best?

When buying a fireproof door, buyers, as a rule, are guided by the price, depending on the degree of fire resistance. but Experts advise to take into account such factors as the presence of a fire alarm system and distance from the fire brigades.

  • An important criterion is the type of walls., because it determines the definition of the design of the door box. If the degree of fire resistance of wall panels is low, then it is pointless to acquire a high-strength door.
  • Aesthetic component - usually the most pleasant and easily satisfiable criterion. A wide range of modern technologies can make the door leaf not only safe, but also a beautiful piece of furniture.
  • We should not forget that accessories Fire door designs must also have fire resistant properties. Manufacturers offer a wide range of products from refractory materials.
  • Since one of the requirements is easy access rescuers to the place of fire, when choosing should pay attention to the hinges. Better if they are equipped with bearings,that will ensure a smooth ride and eliminate jamming of the door mechanism in case of fire.
  • Fire door locks better equipped with anti panic function. In the event of a fire with its help, you can quickly exit by opening the door from the inside by pressing the handle without much effort. This is especially important for families with children, the elderly and the disabled.

Like any product requiring testing, the fireproof door must be certified.

Major manufacturers who have proven themselves in the market, when buying, present all the available documents in proper form. Typically, such a package must include a certificate and warranty. Quality always depends on the materials used, since the production technology is simple. In this regard, experts advise not to overpay for brands and logistics services for the delivery of foreign analogues, and look at the domestic options. Each region has its own firms, however There are several companies that are known throughout the Russian Federation.

  • Serpukhov Electromechanical Plant is known for more than 70 years, uses modern advanced technology.
  • Photo library and ORMAN specialize in the production of translucent refractory products.
  • Module-K produces a large range of fire-fighting products from budget to luxury with an aesthetically pleasing appearance.
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Information provided for reference purposes.For construction issues, always consult a specialist.

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